Building Material

Concrete has a substantial environmental impact. Various methods to reduce environmental impact of concrete such as material conservation is discussed. For example, it is estimated that 1.6 billion

What are embedments in concrete? Embedments are any items for instance pipes, ducts, sleeves, and conduits placed in concrete elements for different purposes. Embedments are commonly manufactured f

Efflorescence in concrete is a whitish coloured powdered deposition of salts on the concrete surface that is formed due to evaporation of water from the concrete. It is caused when water soluble sa

Presence of impurities in water for concrete mix leads to decrease in structural properties of concrete such as strength and durability to a large extent.

Early-age cracking is a temporary shortcoming that crops up as a result of a faulty design and construction process. Such cracks can be repaired properly if necessary actions are taken on time. The

The sudden outpouring of rain on freshly placed concrete can give rise to unexpected challenges. The severity of the damage is dependent on the extent of surface protection and the curing procedure

There are various effects of fly ash on properties of hardened concrete such as strength, durability, creep, volume changes of concrete which are discussed.

Coarse aggregates have properties such as size, shape, moisture contents, specific gravity, density etc. which affects concrete strength and durability in many ways. These effect of aggregate prope