Plumbing systems form an essential part of building construction, providing vital water supply and drainage for households and commercial buildings. The plumbing system consists of piping, fixtures, and various appliances designed to support both clean water delivery and wastewater disposal. Here’s a look into the essential components of plumbing systems, types of pipes, drainage systems, and the sanitary fittings that contribute to effective and hygienic water management in buildings.
I. Components of Plumbing Systems
The plumbing system in buildings has two main components:
- Water Supply System: This part of the system includes pipes for water distribution, storage tanks, valves, and taps. These elements facilitate the controlled flow of clean water throughout the building.
- Drainage System: The drainage system is responsible for waste disposal and includes wash basins, toilets, urinals, traps, soil and waste pipes, vent pipes, and sometimes septic tanks. Together, these components ensure the hygienic disposal of wastewater.
II. Types of Water Pipes in Buildings
Various types of pipes are used for water supply in buildings, each suited to specific conditions and requirements:
- PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Pipes
PVC pipes are a popular choice for both internal and external water supply due to their durability, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to corrosion. - Copper Pipes
Copper pipes are available in both heavy and light gauges and are often used in higher-grade houses or in areas where groundwater is corrosive to steel. Copper provides excellent durability and is known for its long-lasting performance. - Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Pipes
G.I. pipes are extensively used in building construction for water supply and drainage. They come in heavy, medium, and light grades, making them versatile and economical. - Lead Pipes
Lead pipes are highly resistant to corrosion and are flexible, making them suitable for certain specialized applications despite their limited use due to health concerns.
Taps and Stop-Cocks: Taps and stop-cocks are available in materials such as iron, brass, and chromium plating, allowing for various aesthetic and functional options.
III. Plumbing and Sanitary Systems in Buildings
External Water Supply System
The external water supply system includes all piping from the water source (such as a borewell, well, or water treatment plant) to overhead water tanks, and from these tanks to the building’s water distribution system. For this purpose, durable cast iron or galvanized iron pipes are often used due to their resilience and cost-effectiveness.
Plumbing Drainage System
The drainage system in buildings consists of several types of pipes that manage wastewater, each serving a specific purpose:
- Soil Pipes and Waste Pipes
Soil pipes remove sewage from toilets, while waste pipes carry greywater from sinks, showers, and baths. These pipes are often attached to the building’s exterior and connected to a common drainage system. To manage odors, vent pipes are attached at the top of these pipes. - Vent Pipes
Vent pipes release bad odors from soil and waste pipes, improving air quality around drainage outlets. - Rainwater Pipes
Rainwater pipes are connected to roofs or open areas to direct rainwater either to the ground or to a rainwater harvesting system. Typically, these pipes are made of PVC for durability and ease of installation. - Anti-Siphonage Pipes
Connected to toilets, anti-siphonage pipes maintain the water seal that prevents sewer gases from entering living spaces. These pipes are generally made of PVC and must conform to standard specifications.
IV. Sanitary Fittings in Buildings
A variety of sanitary fittings are installed in buildings to ensure convenience and hygiene:
- Hand Wash Basins
- Sinks (Available in glazed and stainless steel options)
- Bathtubs
- Water Closets
- Urinals
- Flushing Cisterns
These fittings are essential in creating a functional bathroom environment and are chosen based on durability, ease of cleaning, and compatibility with the building’s overall design.
V. Types of Water Closets
Water closets, also known as toilets, come in various designs:
- Indian Type: Floor-mounted toilets common in Asia, designed for squatting use.
- European (Pedestal) Type: Bowl-shaped toilets typically used for sitting, common in Western countries.
- Anglo-Indian Type: A hybrid style that accommodates both sitting and squatting postures.
Each type serves specific user preferences and cultural practices, providing flexibility for different building applications.