Quantities of materials for concrete such as cement, sand and aggregates for production of required quantity of concrete of given mix proportions such as 1:2:4 (M15), 1:1.5: 3 (M20), 1:1:2 (M25) ca
Carbonation of concrete Structures The microstructure of concrete is such that it has capillary pores to the extent of 28%. The extent of pores depends upon quality of concrete and the presence of
Damage to structural concrete can be due to the use of excessive water, poor cement, poor construction practices, improper mixture proportioning, dirty or low quality aggregate, and inadequate curi
