Reinforced concrete is a composite material, hence a proper bond between the two materials – concrete and reinforcement is the first requirement. A minimum length of reinforcing bar is needed to de
Overlays are surface depositions of 6 mm or greater in thickness that can be bonded, partially bonded, or unbonded to the surface of the concrete. The material of overlay may be polymer concrete, P
Generally, quality of water for construction works are same as drinking water. This is to ensure that the water is reasonably free from such impurities as suspended solids, organic matter and disso
Safety issues at construction site involves safety during excavation, scaffolding, formwork, working at heights, material handling and stacking, housekeeping works. The recommendations mentioned fo
Construction entrances and exits are temporary stone-stabilized areas located at the points of ingress and egress of the vehicles. The purpose of construction entrances/exits is to provide a stable
Ashlar masonry is a type of stone masonry that is formed using finely dressed stones of the same size, shape, and texture laid together in cement or lime mortar of equal size joints at right angles
Concrete block masonry is a widely used style for its excellent properties of durability and high resistance to rain, fire, and inclement environmental conditions. Proper workmanship plays a crucia
Proper concreting of reinforced concrete columns, pedestals and footings is needed to ensure desired strength and durability of these structural members. Improper method of concreting may lead to c
Concrete slump and compacting factor tests are most used test for workability. The degree of workability of concrete depends on the values of test results.
Construction of concrete walls is a crucial phase in building construction. It is constructed as a load bearing structure to transfers loads from floor to the wall below or to the foundation, in ad
