Vibration is one of the methods used to consolidate poured concrete to achieve required density and, subsequently, the designated concrete strength. Vibrators (internal and external or shutter vibr
Concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension. However, tensile stresses develops in concrete members as a result of flexure, shrinkage and temperature changes. Principal tensile stres
Reinforced Concrete Structures Protective Systems The objective of providing a protection system is to extend the life of the structure and to reduce the number of future repairs and the rate of de
Concrete Deterioration and Performance of Structures Everyone feels happy and proud if the appearance of the concrete structure is good at the completion. However good looking concrete may not be s
Construction of concrete stairs includes steps such as designing, preparing foundation, building formwork, placement of reinforcement steel bars, concreting, finishing and curing. Construction of c
Concrete resurfacing is a method of rehabilitation of tone or damaged concrete floor or pavement surfaces to make it available for use without the reconstruction of the whole structure. Before unde
Design Considerations in Repair of Structures The rehabilitated structure may be required to provide equivalent safety to that of a new structure. The rehabilitated structure is brought to current
Reinforced concrete is a composite material, hence a proper bond between the two materials – concrete and reinforcement is the first requirement. A minimum length of reinforcing bar is needed to de
Overlays are surface depositions of 6 mm or greater in thickness that can be bonded, partially bonded, or unbonded to the surface of the concrete. The material of overlay may be polymer concrete, P
Generally, quality of water for construction works are same as drinking water. This is to ensure that the water is reasonably free from such impurities as suspended solids, organic matter and disso
