Domes have long stood as symbols of architectural brilliance and structural ingenuity. Characterized by their curved shape forming the top half of a sphere, domes are not only aesthetically captivating but also structurally efficient. One of their most remarkable qualities is their ability to span large areas without the need for internal support, all while using relatively minimal material.
Historically, domes evolved from arches and were initially used in modest constructions such as huts and tombs. Over time, advancements in engineering and design transformed them into essential features in cathedrals, legislative buildings, and even modern leisure venues like stadiums and arenas. Today, domes can be constructed from a variety of materials including traditional masonry and concrete, as well as modern options like architectural fabrics, steel, and cable structures.
Types of Domes
1. Beehive Dome
Also known as a false dome or corbelled dome, the beehive dome is one of the earliest dome types. It is constructed by stacking horizontal layers of masonry that slightly overhang each other, gradually narrowing until they meet at the top. These domes do not form a true curve but imitate one through cantilevering.
Example: Beehive houses of Harran in Southern Turkey.
2. Cloister Vault
A cloister vault, or domical vault, has a polygonal base and is composed of curved sections that reflect the underlying shape. Unlike hemispherical domes, cloister vaults do not form a perfect half-sphere. Instead, they feature constant spring points that allow arches to converge centrally.
Example: Cathedral of Florence, Italy.
3. Crossed-Arch Dome
These domes incorporate intersecting ribs that form geometric patterns such as stars or polygons. They are a form of ribbed vault, and their design is heavily influenced by geometry, especially octagonal motifs.
Example: Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain.
4. Cable Net Dome
Cable net domes consist of a network of tensioned cables and supporting struts, anchored by a perimeter ring beam and support columns. This tensile structure is ideal for covering large spans, such as indoor arenas or stadiums.
Example: O2 Arena, London.
5. Ellipsoidal Dome
Featuring an elliptical base, the ellipsoidal dome is generated by rotating a curve around a vertical axis. It combines the elegance of circular domes with the unique spatial qualities of an ellipse.
Example: Sanctuary of Vicoforte, Italy.
6. Geodesic Dome
Popularized by Buckminster Fuller, geodesic domes use a network of triangles to form a spherical structure. These triangles distribute stress evenly, making the structure lightweight yet exceptionally strong.
Example: Buckminster Fuller Dome, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
7. Hemispherical Dome
This classic dome is exactly half of a sphere. While its vertical meridians are in compression, the horizontal rings below a certain point experience tension, often requiring additional buttressing.
Example: Stockholm Globe Arena, Sweden.
8. Inflatable Dome
Inflatable domes are supported by air pressure and can be erected quickly. They are frequently used for large events and projections, offering a flexible, scalable solution for temporary or semi-permanent structures.
Example: World’s largest projection dome in Miami.
9. Monolithic Dome
Constructed as a single continuous shell, monolithic domes are durable, energy-efficient, and cost-effective. These domes are used widely in both residential and industrial applications.
Example: First modern monolithic dome in Provo, Utah.
10. Onion Dome
Characterized by their bulbous shape and pointed tops, onion domes are often larger in height than width. These ornate structures are typically made from masonry and are prominent in Islamic, Persian, and Indian architecture.
Example: Taj Mahal, India.
11. Oval Dome
Oval domes have an elliptical or oval plan and are created by connecting circular arcs at tangents. This form provides a dynamic visual effect and can adapt well to irregular spaces.
Example: Church of St. Gereon, Cologne.
12. Saucer Dome
These shallow-profile domes cover large surface areas and are often less than a semi-circle in height. While structurally sound, they exert more radial thrust and require careful engineering.
Example: Evoluon Science Museum, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
13. Umbrella Dome
Also known as ribbed or scalloped domes, umbrella domes are divided into segments or “ribs” that radiate from the top down to the base. This structural division adds both aesthetic rhythm and support.
Example: Central dome of St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City.
Conclusion
From ancient tombs to futuristic arenas, domes have proven to be a versatile and enduring form in architecture. Their structural ingenuity, aesthetic appeal, and adaptability across materials and functions continue to inspire architects and engineers worldwide. Whether used for sacred spaces, public buildings, or entertainment venues, domes remain powerful symbols of architectural innovation and cultural heritage.