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An arch is a curved structure that bridges an elevated or open space that supports heavy load and forces that act from above it. The construction of arches requires fine work and, therefore, skille

Brick ledge is a reinforced concrete bearing which supports the weight (100Kg per square meter or more) of finished materials such as brick, stone or other veneers acting directly on a footing or o

A bituminous waterproofing membrane is used for reinforced concrete roof waterproofing. This waterproofing membrane comes on site in the form of rolls manufactures and packed in the factory properl

Bitumen Extraction Test is used to determine the percentage of bitumen content present in the asphaltic pavement by cold solvent extraction. The properties of flexible pavement such as durabil

The objective of bending test on a wooden beam is to study the bending or flexural behavior of the wooden beam and to determine the Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture of the wood. Equipme

In RCC structures, the placement of a single reinforcement bar may not meet the desired length of the concrete section. Hence, it becomes necessary to overlap two bars, so that the desired length i

Bulking of fine aggregate or sand is the phenomenon of increase in sand volume due to the increase of moisture content. Bulking test on fine aggregates has to be performed before using it in constr

The bulk density and void percentage of aggregate can be evaluated using standard test methods of applicable codes such as ASTM C 29/C29M-17a, IS: 2386 (Part 3) – 1963, or BS 812-2:1995. The proced

Bulk density of concrete is the mass of freshly mixed concrete required to fill the container of a unit volume. Bulk density of concrete reflects the ability of concrete to function for structural

Building plans are the set of drawings which consists of floor plan, site plan, cross sections, elevations, electrical, plumbing and landscape drawings for the ease of construction at site. Drawing