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The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method, gained recognition during the tunneling operations in the Austrian Alp

What is negative skin friction on piles and pile group?
Negative skin friction is usually a downward shear drag acting on a pile or pile group because of downwa

Microtunnelling is an efficient trenchless technique for the construction of small diameter tunnels. The method is especially useful for laying pipelines beneat

Micropiles are deep foundation used when very limited space or headroom is available for execution with conventional pile rigs. These piles are also called as m

Design of Raft Foundations – Methods and Calculations
According to IS – 2950:1965, the design criteria of raft footings are given below:
The maximum diffe

Various methods have been developed to drive piles over water. Piles are used as a foundation for various marine structures such as wharves and jetties. These p

The suction in soil mass can be measured mainly by three methods namely Tensiometer method, Suction Plate method and Centrifuge Method. Each method is briefly e

A raft or mat foundation is a large continuous rectangular or circular concrete slab that carries the entire load of the superstructure and spreads it over the

Marston-Spangler theory for analysis of loads on sewer sanitary system pipe is established by Marston and it is applicable for most of the loading conditions th

A wide range of dynamic and static penetrometers are available, with different types being used in different conditions of sub-strata materials. However, the ob