Structural engineering

Hydrometer method is used to determine the particle size distribution of fine-grained soils passing 75 µ sieve. The hydrometer measures the specific gravity of

What is Pad Foundation?
The pad foundations are shallow foundation that take and spread point loads to the soil safely. The pad foundation are preferred if the

The calculation of the number of passes for compactors and lift (soil layer) thickness for soil is critical to attain the required degree of compaction. General

The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method, gained recognition during the tunneling operations in the Austrian Alp

What is negative skin friction on piles and pile group?
Negative skin friction is usually a downward shear drag acting on a pile or pile group because of downwa

Microtunnelling is an efficient trenchless technique for the construction of small diameter tunnels. The method is especially useful for laying pipelines beneat

Micropiles are deep foundation used when very limited space or headroom is available for execution with conventional pile rigs. These piles are also called as m

Design of Raft Foundations – Methods and Calculations
According to IS – 2950:1965, the design criteria of raft footings are given below:
The maximum diffe

Various methods have been developed to drive piles over water. Piles are used as a foundation for various marine structures such as wharves and jetties. These p

The suction in soil mass can be measured mainly by three methods namely Tensiometer method, Suction Plate method and Centrifuge Method. Each method is briefly e