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Construction of concrete stairs includes steps such as designing, preparing foundation, building formwork, placement of reinforcement steel bars, concreting, finishing and curing. Construction of c

Concrete resurfacing is a method of rehabilitation of tone or damaged concrete floor or pavement surfaces to make it available for use without the reconstruction of the whole structure. Before unde

Design Considerations in Repair of Structures The rehabilitated structure may be required to provide equivalent safety to that of a new structure. The rehabilitated structure is brought to current

Reinforced concrete is a composite material, hence a proper bond between the two materials – concrete and reinforcement is the first requirement. A minimum length of reinforcing bar is needed to de

Overlays are surface depositions of 6 mm or greater in thickness that can be bonded, partially bonded, or unbonded to the surface of the concrete. The material of overlay may be polymer concrete, P

Generally, quality of water for construction works are same as drinking water. This is to ensure that the water is reasonably free from such impurities as suspended solids, organic matter and disso

Safety issues at construction site involves safety during excavation, scaffolding, formwork, working at heights, material handling and stacking, housekeeping works. The recommendations mentioned fo

Construction entrances and exits are temporary stone-stabilized areas located at the points of ingress and egress of the vehicles. The purpose of construction entrances/exits is to provide a stable

Ashlar masonry is a type of stone masonry that is formed using finely dressed stones of the same size, shape, and texture laid together in cement or lime mortar of equal size joints at right angles